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Introduction to CSS Grid
CSS Grid Layout (aka “Grid” or “CSS Grid”), is a two-dimensional grid-based layout system that, compared to any web layout system of the past, completely changes the way we design user interfaces. CSS has always been used to layout our web pages, but it’s never done a very good job of it. First, we used tables, then floats, positioning and inline-block, but all of these methods were essentially hacks and left out a lot of important functionality (vertical centering, for instance). Flexbox is also a very great layout tool, but its one-directional flow has different use cases — and they actually work together quite well! Grid is the very first CSS module created specifically to solve the layout problems we’ve all been hacking our way around for as long as we’ve been making websites.
The intention of this guide is to present the Grid concepts as they exist in the latest version of the specification. So I won’t be covering the out-of-date Internet Explorer syntax (even though you can absolutely use Grid in IE 11) or other historical hacks.
CSS Grid basics
As of March 2017, most browsers shipped native, unprefixed support for CSS Grid: Chrome (including on Android), Firefox, Safari (including on iOS), and Opera. Internet Explorer 10 and 11 on the other hand support it, but it’s an old implementation with an outdated syntax. The time to build with grid is now!
To get started you have to define a container element as a grid with display: grid
, set the column and row sizes with grid-template-columns
and grid-template-rows
, and then place its child elements into the grid with grid-column
and grid-row
. Similarly to flexbox, the source order of the grid items doesn’t matter. Your CSS can place them in any order, which makes it super easy to rearrange your grid with media queries. Imagine defining the layout of your entire page, and then completely rearranging it to accommodate a different screen width all with only a couple lines of CSS. Grid is one of the most powerful CSS modules ever introduced.
Important CSS Grid terminology
Before diving into the concepts of Grid it’s important to understand the terminology. Since the terms involved here are all kinda conceptually similar, it’s easy to confuse them with one another if you don’t first memorize their meanings defined by the Grid specification. But don’t worry, there aren’t many of them.
Grid Container
The element on which display: grid
is applied. It’s the direct parent of all the grid items. In this example container
is the grid container.
<div class="container">
<div class="item item-1"> </div>
<div class="item item-2"> </div>
<div class="item item-3"> </div>
</div>
Grid Line
The dividing lines that make up the structure of the grid. They can be either vertical (“column grid lines”) or horizontal (“row grid lines”) and reside on either side of a row or column. Here the yellow line is an example of a column grid line.
Grid Track
The space between two adjacent grid lines. You can think of them as the columns or rows of the grid. Here’s the grid track between the second and third-row grid lines.
Grid Area
The total space surrounded by four grid lines. A grid area may be composed of any number of grid cells. Here’s the grid area between row grid lines 1 and 3, and column grid lines 1 and 3.
Grid Item
The children (i.e. direct descendants) of the grid container. Here the item
elements are grid items, but sub-item
isn’t.
<div class="container">
<div class="item"> </div>
<div class="item">
<p class="sub-item"> </p>
</div>
<div class="item"> </div>
</div>
Grid Cell
The space between two adjacent row and two adjacent column grid lines. It’s a single “unit” of the grid. Here’s the grid cell between row grid lines 1 and 2, and column grid lines 2 and 3.
CSS Grid properties
(Grid Container)
Properties for the ParentJump links
display
Defines the element as a grid container and establishes a new grid formatting context for its contents.
Values:
grid
– generates a block-level gridinline-grid
– generates an inline-level grid
.container {
display: grid | inline-grid;
}
The ability to pass grid parameters down through nested elements (aka subgrids) has been moved to level 2 of the CSS Grid specification. Here’s a quick explanation.
grid-template-rows
grid-template-columnsDefines the columns and rows of the grid with a space-separated list of values. The values represent the track size, and the space between them represents the grid line.
Values:
<track-size>
– can be a length, a percentage, or a fraction of the free space in the grid using thefr
unit (more on this unit over at DigitalOcean)<line-name>
– an arbitrary name of your choosing
.container {
grid-template-columns: ... ...;
/* e.g.
1fr 1fr
minmax(10px, 1fr) 3fr
repeat(5, 1fr)
50px auto 100px 1fr
*/
grid-template-rows: ... ...;
/* e.g.
min-content 1fr min-content
100px 1fr max-content
*/
}
Grid lines are automatically assigned positive numbers from these assignments (-1 being an alternate for the very last row).
But you can choose to explicitly name the lines. Note the bracket syntax for the line names:
.container {
grid-template-columns: [first] 40px [line2] 50px [line3] auto [col4-start] 50px [five] 40px [end];
grid-template-rows: [row1-start] 25% [row1-end] 100px [third-line] auto [last-line];
}
Note that a line can have more than one name. For example, here the second line will have two names: row1-end and row2-start:
.container {
grid-template-rows: [row1-start] 25% [row1-end row2-start] 25% [row2-end];
}
If your definition contains repeating parts, you can use the repeat()
notation to streamline things:
.container {
grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 20px [col-start]);
}
Which is equivalent to this:
.container {
grid-template-columns: 20px [col-start] 20px [col-start] 20px [col-start];
}
If multiple lines share the same name, they can be referenced by their line name and count.
.item {
grid-column-start: col-start 2;
}
The fr
unit allows you to set the size of a track as a fraction of the free space of the grid container. For example, this will set each item to one third the width of the grid container:
.container {
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
}
The free space is calculated after any non-flexible items. In this example the total amount of free space available to the fr
units doesn’t include the 50px:
.container {
grid-template-columns: 1fr 50px 1fr 1fr;
}
grid-template-areas
Defines a grid template by referencing the names of the grid areas which are specified with the grid-area
property. Repeating the name of a grid area causes the content to span those cells. A period signifies an empty cell. The syntax itself provides a visualization of the structure of the grid.
Values:
<grid-area-name>
– the name of a grid area specified withgrid-area
.
– a period signifies an empty grid cellnone
– no grid areas are defined
.container {
grid-template-areas:
"<grid-area-name> | . | none | ..."
"...";
}
Example:
.item-a {
grid-area: header;
}
.item-b {
grid-area: main;
}
.item-c {
grid-area: sidebar;
}
.item-d {
grid-area: footer;
}
.container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 50px 50px 50px 50px;
grid-template-rows: auto;
grid-template-areas:
"header header header header"
"main main . sidebar"
"footer footer footer footer";
}
That’ll create a grid that’s four columns wide by three rows tall. The entire top row will be composed of the header area. The middle row will be composed of two main areas, one empty cell, and one sidebar area. The last row is all footer.
Each row in your declaration needs to have the same number of cells.
You can use any number of adjacent periods to declare a single empty cell. As long as the periods have no spaces between them they represent a single cell.
Notice that you’re not naming lines with this syntax, just areas. When you use this syntax the lines on either end of the areas are actually getting named automatically. If the name of your grid area is foo, the name of the area’s starting row line and starting column line will be foo-start, and the name of its last row line and last column line will be foo-end. This means that some lines might have multiple names, such as the far left line in the above example, which will have three names: header-start, main-start, and footer-start.
grid-template
A shorthand for setting grid-template-rows
, grid-template-columns
, and grid-template-areas
in a single declaration.
Values:
none
– sets all three properties to their initial values<grid-template-rows>
/<grid-template-columns
> – setsgrid-template-columns
andgrid-template-rows
to the specified values, respectively, and setsgrid-template-areas
tonone
.container {
grid-template: none | <grid-template-rows> / <grid-template-columns>;
}
It also accepts a more complex but quite handy syntax for specifying all three. Here’s an example:
.container {
grid-template:
[row1-start] "header header header" 25px [row1-end]
[row2-start] "footer footer footer" 25px [row2-end]
/ auto 50px auto;
}
That’s equivalent to this:
.container {
grid-template-rows: [row1-start] 25px [row1-end row2-start] 25px [row2-end];
grid-template-columns: auto 50px auto;
grid-template-areas:
"header header header"
"footer footer footer";
}
Since grid-template
doesn’t reset the implicit grid properties (grid-auto-columns
, grid-auto-rows
, and grid-auto-flow
), which is probably what you want to do in most cases, it’s recommended to use the grid
property instead of grid-template
.
row-gap
grid-column-gap
grid-row-gap
column-gapSpecifies the size of the grid lines. You can think of it like setting the width of the gutters between the columns/rows.
Values:
<line-size>
– a length value
.container {
/* standard */
column-gap: <line-size>;
row-gap: <line-size>;
/* old */
grid-column-gap: <line-size>;
grid-row-gap: <line-size>;
}
Example:
.container {
grid-template-columns: 100px 50px 100px;
grid-template-rows: 80px auto 80px;
column-gap: 10px;
row-gap: 15px;
}
The gutters are only created between the columns/rows, not on the outer edges.
Note: The grid-
prefix will be removed and grid-column-gap
and grid-row-gap
renamed to column-gap
and row-gap
. The unprefixed properties are already supported in Chrome 68+, Safari 11.2 Release 50+, and Opera 54+.
grid-gap
gapA shorthand for row-gap
and column-gap
Values:
<grid-row-gap>
<grid-column-gap>
– length values
.container {
/* standard */
gap: <grid-row-gap> <grid-column-gap>;
/* old */
grid-gap: <grid-row-gap> <grid-column-gap>;
}
Example:
.container {
grid-template-columns: 100px 50px 100px;
grid-template-rows: 80px auto 80px;
gap: 15px 10px;
}
If no row-gap
is specified, it’s set to the same value as column-gap
Note: The grid-
prefix is deprecated (but who knows, may never actually be removed from browsers). Essentially grid-gap
renamed to gap
. The unprefixed property is already supported in Chrome 68+, Safari 11.2 Release 50+, and Opera 54+.
justify-items
Aligns grid items along the inline (row) axis (as opposed to align-items
which aligns along the block (column) axis). This value applies to all grid items inside the container.
Values:
start
– aligns items to be flush with the start edge of their cellend
– aligns items to be flush with the end edge of their cellcenter
– aligns items in the center of their cellstretch
– fills the whole width of the cell (this is the default)
.container {
justify-items: start | end | center | stretch;
}
Examples:
.container {
justify-items: start;
}
.container {
justify-items: end;
}
.container {
justify-items: center;
}
.container {
justify-items: stretch;
}
This behavior can also be set on individual grid items via the justify-self
property.
align-items
Aligns grid items along the block (column) axis (as opposed to justify-items
which aligns along the inline (row) axis). This value applies to all grid items inside the container.
Values:
stretch
– fills the whole height of the cell (this is the default)start
– aligns items to be flush with the start edge of their cellend
– aligns items to be flush with the end edge of their cellcenter
– aligns items in the center of their cellbaseline
– align items along text baseline. There are modifiers tobaseline
—first baseline
andlast baseline
which will use the baseline from the first or last line in the case of multi-line text.
.container {
align-items: start | end | center | stretch;
}
Examples:
.container {
align-items: start;
}
.container {
align-items: end;
}
.container {
align-items: center;
}
.container {
align-items: stretch;
}
This behavior can also be set on individual grid items via the align-self
property.
There are also modifier keywords safe
and unsafe
(usage is like align-items: safe end
). The safe
keyword means “try to align like this, but not if it means aligning an item such that it moves into inaccessible overflow area”, while unsafe
will allow moving content into inaccessible areas (“data loss”).
place-items
place-items
sets both the align-items
and justify-items
properties in a single declaration.
Values:
<align-items>
/<justify-items>
– The first value setsalign-items
, the second valuejustify-items
. If the second value is omitted, the first value is assigned to both properties.
For more details, see align-items
and justify-items
.
This can be very useful for super quick multi-directional centering:
.center {
display: grid;
place-items: center;
}
justify-content
Sometimes the total size of your grid might be less than the size of its grid container. This could happen if all of your grid items are sized with non-flexible units like px
. In this case you can set the alignment of the grid within the grid container. This property aligns the grid along the inline (row) axis (as opposed to align-content
which aligns the grid along the block (column) axis).
Values:
start
– aligns the grid to be flush with the start edge of the grid containerend
– aligns the grid to be flush with the end edge of the grid containercenter
– aligns the grid in the center of the grid containerstretch
– resizes the grid items to allow the grid to fill the full width of the grid containerspace-around
– places an even amount of space between each grid item, with half-sized spaces on the far endsspace-between
– places an even amount of space between each grid item, with no space at the far endsspace-evenly
– places an even amount of space between each grid item, including the far ends
.container {
justify-content: start | end | center | stretch | space-around | space-between | space-evenly;
}
Examples:
.container {
justify-content: start;
}
.container {
justify-content: end;
}
.container {
justify-content: center;
}
.container {
justify-content: stretch;
}
.container {
justify-content: space-around;
}
.container {
justify-content: space-between;
}
.container {
justify-content: space-evenly;
}
align-content
Sometimes the total size of your grid might be less than the size of its grid container. This could happen if all of your grid items are sized with non-flexible units like px
. In this case you can set the alignment of the grid within the grid container. This property aligns the grid along the block (column) axis (as opposed to justify-content
which aligns the grid along the inline (row) axis).
Values:
start
– aligns the grid to be flush with the start edge of the grid containerend
– aligns the grid to be flush with the end edge of the grid containercenter
– aligns the grid in the center of the grid containerstretch
– resizes the grid items to allow the grid to fill the full height of the grid containerspace-around
– places an even amount of space between each grid item, with half-sized spaces on the far endsspace-between
– places an even amount of space between each grid item, with no space at the far endsspace-evenly
– places an even amount of space between each grid item, including the far ends
.container {
align-content: start | end | center | stretch | space-around | space-between | space-evenly;
}
Examples:
.container {
align-content: start;
}
.container {
align-content: end;
}
.container {
align-content: center;
}
.container {
align-content: stretch;
}
.container {
align-content: space-around;
}
.container {
align-content: space-between;
}
.container {
align-content: space-evenly;
}
place-content
place-content
sets both the align-content
and justify-content
properties in a single declaration.
Values:
<align-content>
/<justify-content>
– The first value setsalign-content
, the second valuejustify-content
. If the second value is omitted, the first value is assigned to both properties.
All major browsers except Edge support the place-content
shorthand property.
For more details, see align-content
and justify-content
.
grid-auto-rows
grid-auto-columnsSpecifies the size of any auto-generated grid tracks (aka implicit grid tracks). Implicit tracks get created when there are more grid items than cells in the grid or when a grid item is placed outside of the explicit grid. (see The Difference Between Explicit and Implicit Grids)
Values:
<track-size>
– can be a length, a percentage, or a fraction of the free space in the grid (using thefr
unit)
.container {
grid-auto-columns: <track-size> ...;
grid-auto-rows: <track-size> ...;
}
To illustrate how implicit grid tracks get created, think about this:
.container {
grid-template-columns: 60px 60px;
grid-template-rows: 90px 90px;
}
This creates a 2 x 2 grid.
But now imagine you use grid-column
and grid-row
to position your grid items like this:
.item-a {
grid-column: 1 / 2;
grid-row: 2 / 3;
}
.item-b {
grid-column: 5 / 6;
grid-row: 2 / 3;
}
We told .item-b to start on column line 5 and end at column line 6, but we never defined a column line 5 or 6. Because we referenced lines that don’t exist, implicit tracks with widths of 0 are created to fill in the gaps. We can use grid-auto-columns
and grid-auto-rows
to specify the widths of these implicit tracks:
.container {
grid-auto-columns: 60px;
}
grid-auto-flow
If you have grid items that you don’t explicitly place on the grid, the auto-placement algorithm kicks in to automatically place the items. This property controls how the auto-placement algorithm works.
Values:
row
– tells the auto-placement algorithm to fill in each row in turn, adding new rows as necessary (default)column
– tells the auto-placement algorithm to fill in each column in turn, adding new columns as necessarydense
– tells the auto-placement algorithm to attempt to fill in holes earlier in the grid if smaller items come up later
.container {
grid-auto-flow: row | column | row dense | column dense;
}
Note that dense only changes the visual order of your items and might cause them to appear out of order, which is bad for accessibility.
Examples:
Consider this HTML:
<section class="container">
<div class="item-a">item-a</div>
<div class="item-b">item-b</div>
<div class="item-c">item-c</div>
<div class="item-d">item-d</div>
<div class="item-e">item-e</div>
</section>
You define a grid with five columns and two rows, and set grid-auto-flow
to row
(which is also the default):
.container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px;
grid-template-rows: 30px 30px;
grid-auto-flow: row;
}
When placing the items on the grid, you only specify spots for two of them:
.item-a {
grid-column: 1;
grid-row: 1 / 3;
}
.item-e {
grid-column: 5;
grid-row: 1 / 3;
}
Because we set grid-auto-flow
to row
, our grid will look like this. Notice how the three items we didn’t place (item-b, item-c and item-d) flow across the available rows:
If we instead set grid-auto-flow
to column
, item-b, item-c and item-d flow down the columns:
.container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px;
grid-template-rows: 30px 30px;
grid-auto-flow: column;
}
grid
A shorthand for setting all of the following properties in a single declaration: grid-template-rows
, grid-template-columns
, grid-template-areas
, grid-auto-rows
, grid-auto-columns
, and grid-auto-flow
(Note: You can only specify the explicit or the implicit grid properties in a single grid declaration).
Values:
none
– sets all sub-properties to their initial values.<grid-template>
– works the same as thegrid-template
shorthand.<grid-template-rows> / [ auto-flow && dense? ] <grid-auto-columns>?
– setsgrid-template-rows
to the specified value. If theauto-flow
keyword is to the right of the slash, it setsgrid-auto-flow
tocolumn
. If thedense
keyword is specified additionally, the auto-placement algorithm uses a “dense” packing algorithm. Ifgrid-auto-columns
is omitted, it is set toauto
.[ auto-flow && dense? ] <grid-auto-rows>? / <grid-template-columns>
– setsgrid-template-columns
to the specified value. If theauto-flow
keyword is to the left of the slash, it setsgrid-auto-flow
torow
. If thedense
keyword is specified additionally, the auto-placement algorithm uses a “dense” packing algorithm. Ifgrid-auto-rows
is omitted, it is set toauto
.
Examples:
The following two code blocks are equivalent:
.container {
grid: 100px 300px / 3fr 1fr;
}
.container {
grid-template-rows: 100px 300px;
grid-template-columns: 3fr 1fr;
}
The following two code blocks are equivalent:
.container {
grid: auto-flow / 200px 1fr;
}
.container {
grid-auto-flow: row;
grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
}
The following two code blocks are equivalent:
.container {
grid: auto-flow dense 100px / 1fr 2fr;
}
.container {
grid-auto-flow: row dense;
grid-auto-rows: 100px;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr;
}
And the following two code blocks are equivalent:
.container {
grid: 100px 300px / auto-flow 200px;
}
.container {
grid-template-rows: 100px 300px;
grid-auto-flow: column;
grid-auto-columns: 200px;
}
It also accepts a more complex but quite handy syntax for setting everything at once. You specify grid-template-areas
, grid-template-rows
and grid-template-columns
, and all the other sub-properties are set to their initial values. What you’re doing is specifying the line names and track sizes inline with their respective grid areas. This is easiest to describe with an example:
.container {
grid: [row1-start] "header header header" 1fr [row1-end]
[row2-start] "footer footer footer" 25px [row2-end]
/ auto 50px auto;
}
That’s equivalent to this:
.container {
grid-template-areas:
"header header header"
"footer footer footer";
grid-template-rows: [row1-start] 1fr [row1-end row2-start] 25px [row2-end];
grid-template-columns: auto 50px auto;
}
(Grid Items)
Properties for the ChildrenJump links
float
, display: inline-block
, display: table-cell
, vertical-align
and column-*
properties have no effect on a grid item.
grid-column-end
grid-row-start
grid-row-end
grid-column-startDetermines a grid item’s location within the grid by referring to specific grid lines. grid-column-start
/grid-row-start
is the line where the item begins, and grid-column-end
/grid-row-end
is the line where the item ends.
Values:
<line>
– can be a number to refer to a numbered grid line, or a name to refer to a named grid linespan <number>
– the item will span across the provided number of grid tracksspan <name>
– the item will span across until it hits the next line with the provided nameauto
– indicates auto-placement, an automatic span, or a default span of one
.item {
grid-column-start: <number> | <name> | span <number> | span <name> | auto;
grid-column-end: <number> | <name> | span <number> | span <name> | auto;
grid-row-start: <number> | <name> | span <number> | span <name> | auto;
grid-row-end: <number> | <name> | span <number> | span <name> | auto;
}
Examples:
.item-a {
grid-column-start: 2;
grid-column-end: five;
grid-row-start: row1-start;
grid-row-end: 3;
}
.item-b {
grid-column-start: 1;
grid-column-end: span col4-start;
grid-row-start: 2;
grid-row-end: span 2;
}
If no grid-column-end
/grid-row-end
is declared, the item will span 1 track by default.
Items can overlap each other. You can use z-index
to control their stacking order.
Learn more about the span
notation in this article by DigitalOcean.
grid-row
grid-columnShorthand for grid-column-start
+ grid-column-end
, and grid-row-start
+ grid-row-end
, respectively.
Values:
<start-line>
/<end-line>
– each one accepts all the same values as the longhand version, including span
.item {
grid-column: <start-line> / <end-line> | <start-line> / span <value>;
grid-row: <start-line> / <end-line> | <start-line> / span <value>;
}
Example:
.item-c {
grid-column: 3 / span 2;
grid-row: third-line / 4;
}
If no end line value is declared, the item will span 1 track by default.
grid-area
Gives an item a name so that it can be referenced by a template created with the grid-template-areas
property. Alternatively, this property can be used as an even shorter shorthand for grid-row-start
+ grid-column-start
+ grid-row-end
+ grid-column-end
.
Values:
<name>
– a name of your choosing<row-start>
/<column-start>
/<row-end>
/<column-end>
– can be numbers or named lines
.item {
grid-area: <name> | <row-start> / <column-start> / <row-end> / <column-end>;
}
Examples:
As a way to assign a name to the item:
.item-d {
grid-area: header;
}
As the short-shorthand for grid-row-start
+ grid-column-start
+ grid-row-end
+ grid-column-end
:
.item-d {
grid-area: 1 / col4-start / last-line / 6;
}
justify-self
Aligns a grid item inside a cell along the inline (row) axis (as opposed to align-self
which aligns along the block (column) axis). This value applies to a grid item inside a single cell.
Values:
start
– aligns the grid item to be flush with the start edge of the cellend
– aligns the grid item to be flush with the end edge of the cellcenter
– aligns the grid item in the center of the cellstretch
– fills the whole width of the cell (this is the default)
.item {
justify-self: start | end | center | stretch;
}
Examples:
.item-a {
justify-self: start;
}
.item-a {
justify-self: end;
}
.item-a {
justify-self: center;
}
.item-a {
justify-self: stretch;
}
To set alignment for all the items in a grid, this behavior can also be set on the grid container via the justify-items
property.
align-self
Aligns a grid item inside a cell along the block (column) axis (as opposed to justify-self
which aligns along the inline (row) axis). This value applies to the content inside a single grid item.
Values:
start
– aligns the grid item to be flush with the start edge of the cellend
– aligns the grid item to be flush with the end edge of the cellcenter
– aligns the grid item in the center of the cellstretch
– fills the whole height of the cell (this is the default)
.item {
align-self: start | end | center | stretch;
}
Examples:
.item-a {
align-self: start;
}
.item-a {
align-self: end;
}
.item-a {
align-self: center;
}
.item-a {
align-self: stretch;
}
To align all the items in a grid, this behavior can also be set on the grid container via the align-items
property.
place-self
place-self
sets both the align-self
and justify-self
properties in a single declaration.
Values:
auto
– The “default” alignment for the layout mode.<align-self>
/<justify-self>
– The first value setsalign-self
, the second valuejustify-self
. If the second value is omitted, the first value is assigned to both properties.
Examples:
.item-a {
place-self: center;
}
.item-a {
place-self: center stretch;
}
All major browsers except Edge support the place-self
shorthand property.
Special Units & Functions
fr units
You’ll likely end up using a lot of fractional units in CSS Grid, like 1fr
. They essentially mean “portion of the remaining space”. So a declaration like:
grid-template-columns: 1fr 3fr;
Means, loosely, 25% 75%
. Except that those percentage values are much more firm than fractional units are. For example, if you added padding to those percentage-based columns, now you’ve broken 100% width (assuming a content-box
box model). Fractional units also much more friendly in combination with other units, as you can imagine:
grid-template-columns: 50px min-content 1fr;
Sizing Keywords
When sizing rows and columns, you can use all the lengths you are used to, like px
, rem, %, etc, but you also have keywords:
min-content
: the minimum size of the content. Imagine a line of text like “E pluribus unum”, the min-content is likely the width of the word “pluribus”.max-content
: the maximum size of the content. Imagine the sentence above, themax-content
is the length of the whole sentence.auto
: this keyword is a lot likefr
units, except that they “lose” the fight in sizing againstfr
units when allocating the remaining space.- Fractional units: see above
Sizing Functions
- The
fit-content()
function uses the space available, but never less thanmin-content
and never more thanmax-content
. - The
minmax()
function does exactly what it seems like: it sets a minimum and maximum value for what the length is able to be. This is useful for in combination with relative units. Like you may want a column to be only able to shrink so far. This is extremely useful and probably what you want:
grid-template-columns: minmax(100px, 1fr) 3fr;
- The
min()
function. - The
max()
function.
The repeat() Function and Keywords
The repeat()
function can save some typing:
grid-template-columns:
1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;
/* easier: */
grid-template-columns:
repeat(8, 1fr);
/* especially when: */
grid-template-columns:
repeat(8, minmax(10px, 1fr));
But repeat()
can get extra fancy when combined with keywords:
auto-fill
: Fit as many possible columns as possible on a row, even if they are empty.auto-fit:
Fit whatever columns there are into the space. Prefer expanding columns to fill space rather than empty columns.
This bears the most famous snippet in all of CSS Grid and one of the all-time great CSS tricks:
grid-template-columns:
repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
The difference between the keywords is spelled out in detail here.
Masonry
An experimental feature of CSS grid is masonry layout. Note that there are lots of approaches to CSS masonry, but mostly of them are trickery and either have major downsides or aren’t what you quite expect.
The spec has an official way now, and this is behind a flag in Firefox:
.container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
grid-template-rows: masonry;
}
See Rachel’s article for a deep dive.
Subgrid
Subgrid is an extremely useful feature of grids that allows grid items to have a grid of their own that inherits grid lines from the parent grid.
.parent-grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(9, 1fr);
}
.grid-item {
grid-column: 2 / 7;
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: subgrid;
}
.child-of-grid-item {
/* gets to participate on parent grid! */
grid-column: 3 / 6;
}
This is only supported in Firefox right now, but it really needs to get everywhere.
It’s also useful to know about display: contents;
. This is not the same as subgrid, but it can be a useful tool sometimes in a similar fashion.
<div class="grid-parent">
<div class="grid-item"></div>
<div class="grid-item"></div>
<ul style="display: contents;">
<!-- These grid-items get to participate on
the same grid!-->
<li class="grid-item"></li>
<li class="grid-item"></li>
</ul>
</div>
CSS Grid browser support
This browser support data is from Caniuse, which has more detail. A number indicates that browser supports the feature at that version and up.
Desktop
Chrome | Firefox | IE | Edge | Safari |
---|---|---|---|---|
57 | 52 | 11* | 16 | 10.1 |
Mobile / Tablet
Android Chrome | Android Firefox | Android | iOS Safari |
---|---|---|---|
123 | 124 | 123 | 10.3 |
Fluid columns snippet
Fluid width columns that break into more or less columns as space is available, with no media queries!
.grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));
/* This is better for small screens, once min() is better supported */
/* grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(min(200px, 100%), 1fr)); */
gap: 1rem;
}
CSS Grid animation
According to the CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1 specification, there are 5 animatable grid properties:
grid-gap
,grid-row-gap
,grid-column-gap
as length, percentage, or calc.grid-template-columns
,grid-template-rows
as a simple list of length, percentage, or calc, provided the only differences are the values of the length, percentage, or calc components in the list.
As of this writing, only the animation of (grid-)gap
, (grid-)row-gap
, (grid-)column-gap
is implemented in any of the tested browsers.
Browser | (grid-)gap , (grid-)row-gap , (grid-)column-gap | grid-template-columns | grid-template-rows |
---|---|---|---|
Firefox | supported ✅ 53+ | supported ✅ 66+ | supported ✅ 66+ |
Safari 12.0 | not supported ❌ | not supported ❌ | not supported ❌ |
Chrome | supported ✅ 66+ | not supported ❌ | not supported ❌ |
Chrome for Android 66+, Opera Mini 33+ | supported ✅ | not supported ❌ | not supported ❌ |
Edge | supported ✅ 16+ | not supported ❌ | not supported ❌ |
CSS-Grid tricks!
4 CSS Grid Properties (and One Value) for Most of Your Layout Needs
A Calendar in Three Lines of CSS
A Clever Sticky Footer Technique
A Grid of Logos in Squares
A Lightweight Masonry Solution
Accordion Rows in CSS Grid
A responsive grid layout with no media queries
An Auto-Filling CSS Grid With Max Columns of a Minimum Size
Auto-Sizing Columns in CSS Grid: `auto-fill` vs `auto-fit`
Breaking Out with CSS Grid Explained
Bringing CSS Grid to WordPress Layouts
Building a CSS Grid Overlay
Building a Conference Schedule with CSS Grid
Building a hexagonal grid using CSS grid
Breaking the Grid
CSS Grid and Custom Shapes, Part 1
Cool Little CSS Grid Tricks for Your Blog
Counting With CSS Counters and CSS Grid
Creating a Bar Graph with CSS Grid
CSS Grid Can Do Auto Height Transitions
CSS Grid: One Layout, Multiple Ways
CSS Grid Starter Layouts
Equal Width Columns in CSS Grid are Kinda Weird
Expandable Sections Within a CSS Grid
Exploring CSS Grid’s Implicit Grid and Auto-Placement Powers
Flexbox-like “just put elements in a row” with CSS grid
Grid, content re-ordering and accessibility
Implicit Grids, Repeatable Layout Patterns, and Danglers
Look Ma, No Media Queries! Responsive Layouts Using CSS Grid
Making A Bar Chart with CSS Grid
Overlapping Header with CSS Grid
Positioning Overlay Content with CSS Grid
Preventing a Grid Blowout
Simple Named Grid Areas
Techniques for a Newspaper Layout with CSS Grid and Border Lines Between Elements
The Holy Grail Layout with CSS Grid
Using Position Sticky With CSS Grid
Learning CSS Grid
A Collection of Interesting Facts about CSS Grid Layout
An Introduction to the `fr` CSS unit
Auto-Sizing Columns in CSS Grid: `auto-fill` vs `auto-fit`
Centering in CSS: A Complete Guide
CSS Grid Layout Module Level 2
CSS Grid in IE: CSS Grid and the New Autoprefixer
Does CSS Grid Replace Flexbox?
Don’t Use My Grid System (or any others)
Exploring CSS Grid’s Implicit Grid and Auto-Placement Powers
fit-content and fit-content()
Getting Started with CSS Grid
Flexbox and Grids, your layout’s best friends
Grid Level 2 and Subgrid
Grid for layout, flexbox for components
Hello Subgrid!
Is CSS float deprecated?
Quick! What’s the Difference Between Flexbox and Grid?
Some CSS Grid Strategies for Matching Design Mockups
The Auto-Flowing Powers of Grid’s Dense Keyword
The Difference Between Explicit and Implicit Grids
Things I’ve Learned About CSS Grid Layout
Thinking Outside the Box with CSS Grid
To grid or not to grid
Using Grid Named Areas to Visualize (and Reference) Your Layout
Why we need CSS subgrid
CSS Grid videos
More CSS Grid sources
- CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1 (W3C)
- Grid by Example (Rachel Andrew)
- Learning CSS Grid Layout (Rachel Andrew)
- CSS Grid Layout: Introduction (DigitalOcean)
- CSS Grid Layout: The Repeat Notation (DigitalOcean)
- CSS Grid Layout: The Span Keyword (DigitalOcean)
- CSS Grid Layout: The Fr Unit (DigitalOcean)
- CSS Grid: Holy Grail Layout (DigitalOcean)
- How To Use CSS Grid Properties to Justify and Align Content and Items (DigitalOcean)